A UC Merced study used U.S. census data to track changes in the number of Californians reporting private sector employment across several months in 2025.

citizens also showed a marked decline. From May to July, California citizens accounted for the largest share of the decline in private sector workers, about 415,000 people. But the analysis showed that the decline affected noncitizens more, with their numbers dropping by 12.3%, as compared with the 3.3% decline among citizens from May to July.

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